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Over 7,500 cultivars of the apple are known. The following is a list of the more common and important cultivars, with the year and place of origin (where documented), and whether the apples each produces are for cooking, eating, or for making cider.
Contents |
| Common name | Origin | First developed | Comment | Use |
| Adams Pearmain | England | 1826 | It is a dessert apple, with a similar flavour to the Russet, first introduced under the name "Norfolk Pippin." | Eating |
| Akane | Japan | 1970 | Jonathan × Worcester Pearmain | Eating |
| Ambrosia | British Columbia | Early 1980s | Medium to large in size, mostly red coloration with yellow patches. Has cream colored flesh with a sweet, crisp, aromatic flavor and low acidity. Ambrosia trees are hardy and no major disadvantages have yet been identified. | Eating |
| Anna | Israel | The color is yellow with a red blush. This variety does not grow well in the cold and prefers heat and humidity. | Eating | |
| Annurca | Campania, Italy | 1876 (pre-77 A.D.?) | Very old apple; possibly one of the oldest of all. Believed to be older than first mention in Pasquale's "Manuale di Arboricultura" in 1876. Believed to be the apple depicted in frescoes at ruins of Herculaneum and mentioned in Pliny the Elder's "Naturalis Historia". | Eating |
| Antonovka | Russia | Extremely tolerant of cold weather. Hardy. | Cooking | |
| Arkansas Black | Arkansas | c. 1870 | Hard and crunchy; stores well. Very deep red so appears black from distance. | Eating |
| Ashmead's Kernel | England | c. 1700 | Small, very sweet and very tart | Eating |
| Aurora Golden Gala | British Columbia | 2003 | Dessert apple; medium size, sweet, juicy, crisp, firm, very long storage life | Eating |
| Bailey | New York | c. 1840 | Red apple with considerable white flecks. Has some russeting. | Eating |
| Baldwin | Massachusetts | c. 1740 | Sweet to subacid flavor. Also known as Woodpecker. Very old variety for North America. Makes lots of juice. | Cooking, Eating |
| Beacon | Minnesota | 1936 | Lively, juicy flavor and is good for baking, it does not keep extremely well. | Cooking, Eating |
| Beauty of Bath | England | c. 1864 | Deep red flush and streaks of red with a little russet. Early maturing but short season. Poor flavour so now rare. | Eating |
| Belle de Boskoop | Boskoop, Netherlands | c.1856 | Bright red, fairly large, early in season (end of august-early September) | Cooking (Apple Sauce) |
| Ben Davis | Southeastern United States | Noted for keeping well prior to refrigerated storage, but with a flavor compared with cork. | Eating | |
| Beverly Hills | California, USA | 1997 | Slightly tart flavor. Likes warm weather. | Eating |
| Blenheim Orange | England | c. 1740 | Has greenish-yellow to orange skin streaked with red. Distinctive nutty flavour excellent for cooking. The vigorous tree is slow to come into crop but then produces heavily. | Cooking, Eating |
| Bottle Greening | c.1800 | |||
| Braeburn | New Zealand | 1950s, | Chance seedling. Dense apple, and becoming increasingly popular in the UK. | Eating |
| Bramley | Southwell, Nottinghamshire, England | about 1809 | One of the U.K.'s most popular apples. Green coloration. Works extremely well in British puddings and apple crumbles. | Cooking |
| Breedon Pippin | England | c.1801 | Sweet flavor. Originally raised by a parson in Berkshire. Rare. | Eating |
| Brina | Italy | 1998 (released) | PRI 2059-101 Op.Resistant to scab. Spreading habit with intermediate vigor, full flowering season is medium-late, production is heavy, fruit is medium or medium-large, smooth skin; white lenticels, no russet, excellent taste characteristics, ripening time: 1st week of October (Trentino.) | Eating |
| Calville Blanc d'hiver | France | Approx 1598 | Noted for unusual looks (somewhat lumpy on the side) but excellent reward when tried. Noted for having unusually high vitamin C content. Apple of choice for tarte tatin in France. | Cooking |
| Cameo | Washington | 1980s | Existence owed to freak accidental crossing of two most popular apples in world: Red and Golden Delicious. Retains prongs on bottom of latter parent but has flavor more resembling Golden. | Eating |
| Carolina Red June | Tennessee | c. 1810 | Has unusual habit of blossoming twice, and producing two crops per year. Very popular Civil War Era Southern apple. Does beautifully in humid weather. | Cooking, Eating |
| Carroll | 1947 | Ripens early. | Eating | |
| Catshead | England | c. 1600 | Sharp flavor. Lumpy shape and electric green coloring. Known to have been a variety planted in early Virginia by settlers as well as native England. Extremely rare in native UK; occasionally still found growing in Southern U.S. | Cooking |
| Charles Ross | Berkshire, England | c. 1890 | Has been a AGM winner. Orange/Red.Best cooked early in season. Good flavour, and sweet when eaten later in season. | Multi-purpose |
| Cornish Gilliflower | Cornwall | 1813 | Discovered as accidental seedling. Shy bearer. | Eating |
| Cortland | New York | late 1890s | Pale crisp flesh. Ripens in October in state of origin. Classic red coloration, nice crunch. | Eating |
| Court Pendu Plat | France | 1613 | Extremely old variety, may date from as early as Roman times. Popular during the Victorian era. Yellow/Light green, flushed with red. | Eating |
| Cox's Orange Pippin | Great Britain | c. 1829 | Mainly grown in UK, but also grown for export in NZ. Extremely popular apple in Europe. | Eating |
| Cripps Pink ('Pink Lady') | Australia | early 1970s, western United States | Crisp, very sweet and slightly tart. Light red, pink and light yellow-green striped skin. | Cooking, Eating |
| Crispin | Japan | 1930 | See Mutsu | Eating |
| Criterion | New York | 1898 | One of parents believed to be Ben Davis, but very tart unlike parent. Dark red skin underlaid with stripes. | Cooking, Eating |
| Discovery | Essex, England | 1949 | Possibly from an open pollinated Worcester Pearmain. Sharp flavour. | Eating |
| Dorsett Golden | Bahamas | 1964 | Grown from chance seedling of Golden Delicious. One of the most southerly apples grown in Western hemisphere. | Eating |
| Duchess of Oldenburg | Russia | 1700 | Has red stripes with splashes of green | Cooking, Eating |
| Early Victoria | Essex, England | 1899 (Introduced) | Possibly from Lord Grosvenor × Keswick Cod. Also called Emmeth Early. Ripens in late July. Pale yellow fruit. | Eating |
| Edward VII | England | 1908 (Introduced) | Possibly Blenheim Orange × Golden Noble. Ripens in autumn will keep until Easter. | Cooking |
| Egremont Russet | Sussex, England | 1872 | Brown russeting, excellent keeper. | Eating |
| Ein Shemer | Israel | 1963 | Zabidani (local var.) x Golden Delicious. This variety ripens in June. Tastes tart, does not do well in cold weather. | Eating |
| Ellison's Orange | Lincolnshire, England | 1911 | Cox's Orange Pippin × Calville Blanc | Eating |
| Elstar | Netherlands | 1950s | Golden Delicious × Ingrid Marie. Medium-sized, mostly red with yellow showing. Often used in desserts due to its sweet flavor. | Cooking, Eating |
| Empire | New York | 1966 | Lovely white subacid flesh. Tangy taste. Ruby red color. | Eating |
| Enterprise | Illinois | 1993 | Classic North American red apple. Stores well up to six months. Makes very good candy apple. | Eating |
| Envy | New Zealand | 2009 | Sweet and crispy, takes 4-8 hours after cutting to start browning. | Eating |
| Epicure | United Kingdom | 1909 | Yellowish apple with reddish blush. Good clean taste. | Eating |
| Fiesta | Kent, England | 1972 | Sometimes called Red Pippin. Claims both UK and US heritage: parents are Cox's Orange and Idared. Has flavour similar to first but storage, colouring, and cold tolerance of second. | Eating |
| Fireside | Minnesota | 1943 | Very fragrant. Yellow with red striping. Sweet apple, very popular in upper Midwest. | Eating |
| Flower of Kent | Kent, England | 1700s | This is the famous variety that inspired Isaac Newton's theories on the concept of gravity when it hit him on the head. | Eating |
| Fortune | 1904 | Cox's Orange Pippin × Wealthy | Eating | |
| Fuji | Japan | 1930s | Red Delicious × Ralls Genet. Sweet, crisp, dense flesh. Very long shelf life, even without refrigeration. Japan's predominant eating apple. | Eating |
| Gala | New Zealand | 1970s | Kidds Orange Red × Golden Delicious. Thinner skin. Very soft eating apple, well-suited for denture wearers. | Eating |
| George Cave | Essex, England | 1923 | Pale green-yellow fruit with red flush. Early harvest. | Eating |
| George Neal | Kent, England | 1904 | Received Award of Merit from R.H.S. in 1924. Pale green to yellow colour, will keep nicely until late autumn. | Cooking |
| Ginger Gold | Virginia | late 1960s | Tangy flavor, crunchy texture, pale green-yellow color. Noted for being an extremely early bearer (Europe: by September 1 California: late July, Eastern US: August.) | Cooking, Eating |
| Golden Delicious | Clay County, West Virginia [1] | 1914 | One of the most popular varieties in the world. Light green-yellow coloration, very sweet. Poor choice for baking. | Eating |
| Golden Noble | England | 1820 | Tree is short and stocky. Produces mint green fruit with blush of pink. | Eating |
| Golden Orange | Italy | 1996 (released) | PRI 1956-6 × Ed Gould Golden.Resistant to scab. Moderate vigor, spreading habit and medium-late blooming season, fruit is moderately large (207 g) and symmetric, skin is smooth, no russeting ripens some days after Golden Delicious, fruit is very attractive, large,good storage ability. | Eating |
| Golden Russet | New York | before 1845 | Very sweet russet. Believed to be close relative of British varieties grown in mid-nineteenth century. | Cider, Eating |
| Golden Spire | Lancashire, UK | 1850 | An old Northern English variety. Unusual tall and oblong with a tart flavour. | Cider, Eating |
| Granny Smith | Australia | 1868 | This is the apple once used to represent Apple Records. Also noted as common pie apple. Lime green coloring. | Cooking, Eating |
| Gravenstein | Schleswig-Holstein, Germany | early 1600s | Greenish coloring. Has a checkered history: German immigrants brought cuttings of this variety with them in the mid-19th century to the San Joaquin Valley and by planting it laid the foundation of a very large agribusiness. Has many sports. Cultivated in German speaking nations and U.S. West Coast. | Cooking |
| Greensleeves | Kent, England | 1966 | Golden Delicious × James Grieve; good garden apple, with a pleasant but unexceptional flavour. | Eating |
| Grenadier | England | before 1862 | Possibly one of the weirdest of all British apples: it is ribbed and lumpy with a tough coat, looks as though it has taken a beating. Makes good sauce. | Cooking |
| Grimes Golden | Virginia and West Virginia borderlands, USA | 1804 | Native to Blue Ridge Mountains and piedmont area. Believed to be one of the parents for much more famous Golden Delicious. Sometimes russets. | Cider, Cooking, Eating |
| Haralson | Minnesota | 1923 | Red color and large, moderately conspicuous dots. Crisp and juicy with a tart flavor. Excellent choice for pies. | Cooking, Eating |
| Hawaii | Introduced c. 1945 | Noted for pineapple like taste. | Eating | |
| Heyer 12 | Very cold-tolerant | Eating | ||
| Honeycrisp | Minnesota | 1960 | Has excellent eating and keeping qualities. Mottled red and yellow color. Good crunch when in prime condition. Juicy. | Eating |
| Honeygold | Minnesota | 1969 | Sweet tasting fruit. Tree has very showy light pink blossoms in spring. | Eating |
| Howgate Wonder | Isle of Wight, 1915 | 1960 | Usually a big apple. Makes a lot of juice. | Cooking |
| Idared | Idaho | 1942 | Very crunchy. Stores fairly well. | Eating |
| Irish Peach | Kilkenny, Ireland | 1800 | Apple excellent for baking. Early harvest. More difficult to find within land of origin due to primary use for export to UK. Hardy, tastes very good straight off tree. | Cooking, Eating |
| James Grieve | Edinburgh, Scotland | 1893 | Good taste, but poor keeper (bruises easily). | Cooking, Eating |
| Jazz (apple) | New Zealand | 2007 (launched) | Bright red round apple with subtle yellow under striping. Tart-sweet, dense and very crunchy with effervescent texture. Cross between a sweet Royal Gala and a firm, tart Braeburn. | Eating |
| Jonagold | New York | 1968 | Popular in Europe and land of origin. A very large apple. Several high colored strains are available. | Eating |
| Jonathan | New York | 1920s, elsewhere in United States | Tart taste. Mostly red apple with patches of lime green. Does well in cooler areas; some frost resistance. | Cooking (Pie), Eating |
| Junaluska | North Carolina, United States | c. 1815 | Once thought to be extinct but rediscovered in 2001 in rural North Carolina. Native American origin. Named for Cherokee chief Junaluska, leader in Battle of Horseshoe Bend and man believed to have planted original tree. Extremely russeted and ugly apple but very hardy tree with superior taste to commercial varieties. | Cooking, Cider, Eating |
| Kidd's Orange Red | New Zealand | 1924 | Cox's Orange Pippin × Delicious. Yellow skin with orange red flush. Chewy rather than crunchy. | Eating |
| Karmijn de Sonnaville | Wageningen, Netherlands | 1949 | Yellow groundcolour when ripe, with red flush, and russet depending on the season. Large apple, though shape can be irregular. | Cooking (Apple Juice), Eating |
| Katy | Sweden | 1947 | Medium sized early eating apple with red skin and pale cream flesh. Well suited to Northern European climate. | Eating |
| Kerry Pippin | County Antrim, Ireland | [c. [1805]] | Pale to golden yellow flesh. Delightful spicy taste. Well suited to Ireland's moist, cool climate. | Eating |
| Knobbed Russet | Sussex, England | 1819 | Green and yellow, with rough and black russet. Unusually irregular, warty and knobbly surface. | Cider, Eating |
| Lane's Prince Albert | England | 1841 | Green with orange blush. Makes a good apple crumble for Christmas: peak ripening happens in winter. | Cooking |
| Laxton's Superb | England | 1897 | Wyken Pippin × Cox's Orange Pippin. Classic old Victorian, British apple. Green with dull red flush. Firm texture, but not very good juice producer. | Eating |
| Liberty | New York | 1978 | Very disease resistant. Very similar appearance to McIntosh, relatively short storage life in air. | Eating |
| Limelight | Kent, England | 2000 | Greensleeves type; abundant cropping and a compact tree. A pale green apple with a smooth finish and occasional pink blush. Crisp flesh and disease resistant tree. | Eating |
| Lodi | Ohio | 1911 | Fruit pale yellow flushed with deeper yellow. Resistant to scab. Tangy taste. | Eating |
| Lord Derby | Cheshire, England | c. 1850 | Yellowish green apple. Acid flavour, likes cooler weather. | Cooking |
| Lord Lambourne | England | 1921 (Introduced); | James Grieve × Worcester Pearmain. Round shape. Orange flush with hint of russet. Strong acid flavour. Tree good for backyard gardeners. | Eating |
| Macoun | New York | 1923 | Cold-tolerant. Crunchy. Does very well in salads. | Eating |
| Malinda | Vermont | 1860 | Small, conical with sheep's nose; deep, rich yellow with red spots possible. Dry, dense, substantive flesh; mild, pear-like flavor | Cooking, Eating |
| Mantet | Manitoba, Canada | 1929 (Introduced) | Amber fruit washed with red. Summer apple. Does not do well in warm climates. | Eating |
| McIntosh | Ontario, Canada | 1811 | A popular cold tolerant, pocket-sized eating apple in Canada and northeastern USA. | Cooking (Apple Sauce), Eating |
| Melrose | Ohio | Introduced 1944 | Flavor improves in storage. Coarse flesh. | Eating |
| Merton Worcester | John Innes Institute, England | 1956 | Cox's Orange Pippin × Worcester Pearmain, | Eating |
| Miller's Seedling | Newbury, Berkshire, England | 1848 | Sweet apple. Tree prefers chalky soils. | Eating |
| Mollie's Delicious | New Jersey | 1966 | Conical shape, pinkish red color. Lasts long in refrigeration. Good aftertaste. | Eating |
| Muscadet de Dieppe | Normandy, France | c. 1750 | Commonly used in making Calvados liquor. | Cooking |
| Mutsu | Aomori Apple Experiment Station in Japan from Golden Delicious × Indo | 1930 | Known as Crispin in the UK | Eating |
| My Jewel | Watsonville, California | c. 1940 | Delicious banana-flavored apple originating in Watsonville, California as a chance seedling. | Eating, Coking, Cider |
| Newtown Pippin | New York | 1759, Oregon | Best known colonial apple in North America. Known favorite of Ben Franklin and Thomas Jefferson. Also sometimes called Albemarle Pippin. Light green (northern kind) or electric yellow (southern). Flavor improves with age and storage. | Cooking, Eating |
| Newton Wonder | England | 1870's | Very good cooker. Prolific bearer, can be harvested in winter. | Cooking |
| Nickajack | North Carolina | c. 1810 | Native American origin, believed to be originally grown by Cherokee along banks of Nickajack Creek. Only grown in Appalachians, favorite of later settlers for desserts. Rusty red color with sweet, crisp taste. | Cooking, Eating |
| Northern Spy | New York | c. 1800 | tart, firm, stores very well. Noted for being excellent choice for making American style apple pie. Sometimes used as rootstock. | Cider, Cooking, Eating |
| Orleans Reinette | France | c.1776 | Reliable bearer. Similar taste to Blenheim Orange, but not related. | Eating |
| Ozark Gold | Missouri | 1970 | Light green with pink blush. Has taste with notes of honey. | Eating |
| Pacific Rose | New Zealand | c.1995 | Extremely crisp, sweet, apple. Also grows well in California. | Eating |
| Pam's Delight | Luton, Bedfordshire, England | 1958 | A dessert apple. | Eating |
| Paula Red | Kent County, Michigan | c.1960 | Firm white flesh, McIntosh mutation | Eating |
| Peasgood's Nonsuch | England | 1858 | Very big apple. Can weigh up to half a kilo. | Cooking |
| Pink Pearl | California | 1944 | Noted for having bright pink flesh. Sweet. Possibly has crab apple in its ancestry. | Eating |
| Pinova | Germany | 1986 | Bred in Germany over an 18-year period. Called Piñata in the United States. Fragrant smell, thin skin and balanced sweet and tart flavor profile. Cross between Golden Delicious, Cox's Orange Pippin and Duchess of Oldenburg. | Cooking, Eating |
| Pixie | England | 1947 | Resistant to scab and mildew. Very small apple. | Eating |
| Pott's Seedling | England | pale green/yellow colour and white flesh | Cooking | |
| Pound Sweet | Manchester, Connecticut | 1834 | Amber coloration. Used mostly for apple butter making. Russets. Does well in moderate cold. Suitable to areas with snowy winters. | Cooking |
| Red Astrachan | Russia | c. 1800 | Extremely resistant to frost. | Cooking |
| Red Delicious | Iowa | 1870s, elsewhere in United States and worldwide | Unmistakable for dark red color and bumps on bottom. Poor choice for cooking; makes bland cider. Sometimes referred to as Starking Delicious or variation. | Eating |
| Rhode Island Greening | Newport, Rhode Island | approx. 1650 | Extremely old variety for United States, second only to Roxbury Russet in age. Very tart. Grass green color with some possible russeting near stem. | Cider, Cooking |
| Rev. W. Wilks | England | 1908 | Pastel green with a light pink flush. Very good against disease. | Cooking |
| Ribston Pippin | Yorkshire, Great Britain | 1707 | Yellow, flushed orange, streaked red with russet at the base and apex. Sweet with a pear taste. | Eating |
| Rome Beauty | Ohio | early 1800s | Rounded, all red, and very glossy. Flavor develops when cooked. Good keeper. | Cooking |
| Royal Gala | New Zealand | c.1960 | Higher colored selection of Gala (see above). Many commercial strains are available. | Eating |
| Rubens (Civni) | Italy | 1985 | Sweet and crunchy; a cross of Gala and Elstar. | Eating |
| Snow apple (Fameuse) | Canada | Late 1600s | Tender, aromatic, distinct flavor. A parent of McIntosh. | Cider, cooking, eating |
| Sonya | New Zealand | 2000 | Cross between a Red Delicious and Gala. Coppery colouration. Crisp. | Eating |
| Spartan | British Columbia | 1926 | Good all-purpose, medium sized apple. Has a bright red blush and may have background patches of greens and yellows. Popular across border in United States as well. | Cooking, Eating |
| Spitzenberg | Esopus, New York | mid 18th century | Grown by Thomas Jefferson at Monticello. Heirloom variety still available at farmstands in Northeast and portions of Virginia. Difficult to grow for inexperienced planters. | Cooking, Eating |
| Stark Earliest | USA | 1938 | Does nicely in fruit salads. Red striping on light background. Ripens in summer. | Eating |
| Stayman Winesap | USA | 1866 | Dullish red skin often covered with a light russet. Tart, wine-like flavor. Stores well. Particularly known for tangy cider. | Cider, Cooking, Eating |
| Sturmer Pippin | Suffolk, England | c. 1800 | Yellow flesh. Flavor matures in storage. Flesh is somewhat soft rather than crunchy | Eating |
| St Edmund's Pippin | Suffolk, England | c. 1870 | Unusual in fact that it has scaly russet patches mixed with smooth. Has vanilla/pear taste. Usually a light yellow-green. | Eating |
| Summerfree | Italy | 1998 (released) | Resistant to scab. Spreading habit with moderate vigor, fruit is large, average weight of 175 g, skin is smooth, ripens 1-2 days before Gala, good storage ability. | Eating |
| Sunset | England | 1918 | Easy to grow. Has very similar flavour to Cox's Orange Pippin. Won't do well in heat. | Eating |
| Sweet Sixteen | Minnesota | 1973 | Large fruit, some russeting near top. Moderately acidic taste. | Eating |
| SweeTango | Minnesota | 2009 | Juicy and sweet with hints of fall spices, SweeTango's flavor, balanced by vibrant acidity, dances to a long and satisfying finish on the palate. It also features the satisfying "crunch" of a Honeycrisp. | Eating |
| Tolman Sweet | United States | 1822 | Very sweet apple. Once used to make dried fruit for winter. | Cider, Cooking |
| Topaz | Czech Republic | 1990 | acidic taste | Cider, Cooking, Eating |
| Tydeman's Early Worcester | England | 1929 | Mclntosh × Worcester Pearmain. Crimson over yellow background colour. | Eating |
| Tydeman's Late Orange | England | 1930 | Good storage qualities, but loses fragrance with age. | Eating |
| Wagener | New York | c. 1795 | Tree is scab resistant. Green with red flush, tangy taste. Very versatile in kitchen. | Cider, Cooking, Eating |
| Warner's King | Kent, England | c. 1700 | Oblong and light green. Lip puckering, eye watering tart. Do not attempt to eat out of hand. | Cooking |
| Wealthy | Minnesota | 1860 | Cherry Red x Sops of Wine.
Pretty reddish pink coat. Believed at one time Minnesota too cold to grow apples until "Wealthy" was born. Wealthy now a parent to many apples for resistance to temperatures below freezing. Still available in upper Midwest |
Eating |
| Winesap | United States | 1817 | Sweet with tangy finish. Reddish blush flecked with some green. | Cider, Eating |
| Winston (apple) | England | ~1935 | Cox Orange × Worcester Pearmain | |
| Wolf River | Wisconsin | c. 1881 | Apple very large, some growing to size of large grapefruit. Red with yellow blush. Once very popular commercial apple in United States but presently relegated to upper Midwest if grown for profit. Occasionally can be found growing wild in backcountry thickets or abandoned land in Shenandoah Valley. Named for area where found. Feral trees can be brought back with care and pruning. | Cooking, Eating |
| Worcester Pearmain | Worcestershire, England | 1873 | Crisp and sweet flavour when ripe. Best if eaten early in season (September) | Eating |
Cider apples may be far too sour or bitter for fresh eating, but are used for making cider. Some apples (especially older ones from America and Canada) are used for both cider and eating purposes.
Selection of rootstock cultivars can be difficult: vigorous roots tend to give trees that, while healthy, grow too tall to be harvested easily without careful pruning, while dwarfing rootstocks result in small trees easy to harvest from, but often shorter-lived and sometimes less healthy. Most modern commercial orchards use one of the "Malling series" (aka 'M' series), introduced or developed by the East Malling Research Station from the early 20th century onward. However, a great deal of work has been done recently introducing new rootstocks in Poland, the US (Geneva), and other nations. The Polish rootstocks are often used where cold hardiness in needed. The Geneva series of rootstocks has been developed to resist important diseases such as fireblight and collar rot, as well as for high fruit productivity.
Two of the most comprehensive publications on apple cultivars are:
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